Ukr-AccountУкраїнцям за кордоном

RK Narayana? S attitude toward the English language:
postcolonial posture, gesture utility
Abstract
This document is intended to examine RK Narayana? S attitude toward the English language as evidenced by their tests. Narayan (1906-2001) was born and raised in an era where education in English and has been institutionalized in the Indian subcontinent. Like other Indian writers in English, as Raja Rao and Mulk Raj Anand, has been teaching English and is used to write in English since the beginning of his literary career at the end. However, it is considered that the use of the English language and literary form to represent colonialism and control of Indian society constantly changing because of colonial domination. Part of this effort seems to be evident in Narayana? S attitude toward the English language. Narayana? S position in this regard is considered very complex and ambivalent? He is aware that English is the language of the settlers, however, is that it has been accepted for practical reasons. In other words, their attitude towards the English language seems to have paved the way and the reality prevailing in the post-colonial.
Keywords: RK Narayan, the attitude, the English language, the post-colonial attitude, utilitarian gesture
% 26 # 226;? % 26 # 226;? I% 26 # 226;? A??
The study of the English language and literature in the postcolonial context seems to be one?? Density policy and cultural phenomenon? (Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin 1989: 2-3) and therefore falls within the scope of post-colonial writers. One of the basic assumptions of post-colonialism is that English language and literature have played an important role in colonial ideology advocating for the survival and consolidation of colonial rule (Walder, 1998). In other words, the construction of literary education is part of the design colonial cultural English (Viswanathan, 1995). Many post-colonial writers have attempted to address the issue of cultural domination through language and English literature. For example, Thiongo? O (1995) suggests that the central position given to studying the English language and literature in Africa stems from the assumption of Western cultural superiority. For this reason, states that the services of English should be deleted from universities in Africa. Indian novelist Raja Rao (2000: v) states that English is the language of the intellect, not emotion, and India, English, therefore, appropriate to the level of a group?? A dialect that one day become as distinctive and colorful as ????. Irish or American Consequently, postcolonial writing using the language of the settlers, but adapts to the speech of the colonized. It is done through two processes: the rescinding of credit (Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin 1989). Repeal means challenging the notion of universality as claimed by the settlers against the language. Credit, however, is the use of the imperial language to express the cultural experience of the colonized. It is a process by which the British Empire is made to find the vernacular. Standard English words are used in many new meanings and, in turn, the English language gets a lot of new words from indigenous languages. In addition, postcolonial literature arises from the tension between these two sweaters. Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin (1989: 39) argues rightly —
% 26 # 226;? | In a sense, all post-colonial literatures is intercultural because negotiate a gap between them? ????, Worlds a breakthrough in the repeal of simultaneous processes credit and continually strive to define and determine its practice.
Therefore, a challenge and review of the Eurocentric concept of the language to be an essential part of literary decolonization (Loomba 2001).
As Boehmer (1995) shows, almost all aspects of the colonized world, including language and educational exchanges were dominated by the Empire. The colonial education of the average class people then tend to establish a settlement? Mental? including:% 26 # 226;?? Teaching English and literature played a key role in the naturalization values% 26 # 226; UK? (Boehmer 1995:169). Au 20e si% 26 # 232; cle, les% 26 # 233; tudiants des colonies ont% 26 # 233; t% 26 # 233; fortement influenc% 26 # 233; s par l'excellence de la langue et litt% 26 # 233; rature anglaise. This factor seems to account for the% 26 # 226;? Syncretic? the nature of post-colonial society, which can not be compartmentalized as purely traditional or purely foreign. Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin (1989: 110) argue,% 26 # 226;? Building a? Purea? cultural value always takes place in the relations of power dynamics changed radically ????. Therefore, a postcolonial reading of RK Narayan? S works, particularly in trials regarding their attitude towards the English language is likely to reveal that efforts to develop a synthesis between native and colonial elements.
% 26 # 226;? % 26 # 226;? II% 26 # 226;? A??
Narayan colonial education received may have influenced their views on the English language, as in the classroom Narayan had to make English as their first language, mother tongue is a second language (Walsh, 1982). English has been the subject of greater prestige for political, administrative, social, economic and scientific. Although the Tamil Narayana? S province and Sanskrit, the classical language of India, were taught in school, they were considered inferior to the state and has provided opportunities for jokes. Narayan (2001b: 464) admits in an essay? English Indiae ????-
However, in the classroom none of these languages has been given no importance, but they were awarded to the most defenseless among teachers, experts who have been treated as a joke by the boys because it teaches that A? ? Language learners? ??, English as a first ordained by Lord Macaulay, when he introduced the teaching of English in India.
In addition to finding books in English at school and college, Narayan read English literature outside their curriculum. His father?? S in the foyer and the library collection of his school books were filled with English literature (Narayan, 2001b). Narayan had full opportunity to libraries and read with great enthusiasm Scott, Dickens, Rider Haggard, Marie Corelli, Moli% 26 # 232; re, Pope, Marlowe, Tolstoy, Thomas Hardy and others (Narayan, 1995). It was also in contact with the current literary world through various magazines such as Little Folks, the nineteenth century and later, Cornhill, Strand Magazine, Mercury, The Spectator, The Times Literary Supplement and The Guardian. The cumulative effect of this mass reading of English literature, is that he became well versed in English. As a writer, Narayan opted for English, simply because it suited him more than his mother tongue. In an interview, he said —
I never thought that it was written in another language. My whole education was in English from primary school and most of my reading is in English. . . I wrote in English because I came very easily. (quoted by Sundaram 1988)
It is very unlikely that a writer like Narayan had learned the English language, so to produce their works in it, reject or censure easily for nationalistic reasons.
% 26 # 226;? % 26 # 226;? IIIA?? A??
India became free from colonial rule in 1947, but the linguistic and cultural implications of colonialism were still in force which serves two purposes clearly inevitable: an agency of linguistic unification of the administration and the international media in general (Kachru: 1995). For now, the question of whether the acceptance or rejection of the English language has become a heated debate since the beginning of the Indian nationalist movement in the 1920s. Gandhi?? S% 26 # 226;? Swadeshi Movement?? It plans to build any swadeshi (indigenous), and therefore English is a foreign language came under the control of movement. The use of English by Indians often denounced, and Hindi has been considered a possible substitute. In his novel Waiting for the Mahatma, Narayan (2001a: 27) argue that Gandhi did not give his lecture in English, because% 26 # 226;? ATI?? S language of our rulers. He used slave ????. AS (1998 Leela Gandhi: 147) notes, Gandhi? S rejection of the English language stems from its belief in one?? The cultural self-rule? indigenous languages.
However, attempts to ban the English language has created two contradictory positions among Indian writers. The first group of writers in indigenous languages have protested against writing in English for nationalistic reasons. The second group of Indian writers in English has continued to write in English to express his experience of India. These polarities in existence at the end of the colonial period came out with renewed vigor and size range after the independence of India (Dharwadker and Dharwadker 1996). Lawmakers of India has formulated a limit of fifteen years to improve the position of Hindi the official language of India. However, the proposed expulsion of English within a specified period almost did not work. Iyengar (2000) presents statistics of 1957, enough to show that there was no spectacular progress of Hindi, and the position of English as the official language of India is always the same A? English remains the language of communication inter-state or only the lingua franca, the language of the executive, courts, education and examinations. Therefore, given the status of law by the English Parliament? A language related? Hindi.
Narayan (1988a: 14) is aware of the debate on the position of English in his country is evident in his trial? Fifteen years ????-
. . . various reasons, practices, policies, etc., have called for the abolition of English in our environment. It's almost a matter of convenience and national prestige to declare ONEA now? S aversion to the language, and mourning for their abolition.
There was a time when many people blindly admired English, and the ability to speak and write in the English language gained enormous prestige to a person. However, currently, the patriotic fervor of the people is the language of a cake in the discussions. Narayan (2000) describes the same situation in his first novel, Swami and his friends face the effects of colonial rule on Indian peoples. The novel reveals that although people feel antipathy toward the British, who are also attracted by the arts of colonial power. Consequently, the colonial language was the signifier of power and dignity. In the Albert Mission School, English is the most prestigious. Sankara? S name is well known because we can talk to teachers of English in the open class (Swami and Friends 7) and also Rajam? S against friends because he speaks English very well, “??? As a% 26 # 226;? Europeana?% 26 # 226;? (Swami and Friends 12). In a?? Fifteen years ????, Narayan ( 1988a) adopts a postcolonial perspective on this issue, showing his knowledge of English is a foreign language, however, advocating its use in India for practical purposes. He said the daily reality made it impossible for Indians to punish the English language.
Narayan (1988a) presents a conversation between a judge in India and the English language in person. The judge's verdict suggests that the English should leave the country —
When we said,% 26 # 226;? Quit India, A? which means it applies to English and their language. And there seems little sense to tolerate in our midst. You are the language of the imperialists, the tapist red, devilish legalistic, language, always means two things at once. (% 26 # 226;? Fifteen years?? 15)
However, in response to the judge, the points of the English language that has been firmly rooted in Indian soil. In other words, having been practiced for two hundred years the English language was an integral part of Indian society, including education, cultural activities, machinery of government, courts, businesses, trade, sports, aviation, navigation, agriculture, science, technology and so on. In the test, while the judge considers that the language should leave India can not produce any valid reason why this should be true, but remains vague and uncertain defense.
Therefore, Narayan (1988a) is the assertion that the English language was an integral part of Indian reality. In fact, in the context of India, India is now in English instead of English in England. Narayana? S (1988a: The position seems to echo the statement of Iyengar (2000):% 26 # 226;?? English is now ours, but ours is not to be primarily Englishman? S or US? Sa ????.
% 26 # 226;? % 26 # 226;? IV-A?? A??
Narayan (1988a) clearly think objectively in the case of Hindi, which is its establishment as a state language in a limited time. And in an essay? A Hindi ????, Enthusiast suggests that it is impossible to impose Hindi as the state language within a specified period. Quoting Shakespeare's aphorism? Maturity is maturing beyond ????, supports can be forced by government order or prescription of a commission. As a socio-linguist (eg Hudson, 1981), argues that the growth of a language is a natural process that can be artificially arrested. Narayan (1988a: 26) and supporters of English by taking a post-colonial —
For me, anyway, English is a language quite swadeshi. English, of course, in a sense horoscopic distance is from England, but it enjoys by virtue of his astonishing ability, citizenship in all countries. He has lived in India, like you or me and has the right to be treated with respect. My hope is that English will soon be classified as a non-regional language of India.
It is therefore clear that Narayan (1988a) does not advocate slavish imitation of the English language or culture and the spread represented by it. Instead, he intends to incorporate in the grand procession of indigenous languages. The English language is treated as one in a long list of indigenous languages and dialects, and their inclusion would not at all affect the overall structure of the language habits of the Indians.
% 26 # 226;? % 26 # 226;? V? A??
As Narayan (1988b: 28) seems to accept the presence of English in the Indian reality every day, it also analyzes the cause of his popularity, commenting on? For an avid Hindi? Why?? half the charm of English has been created by the way his books have been produced ????. The high quality printing and color cover display some of London Bridge, the river and the towers, and carefully selected content, images in black and white have played an important role in the development of English in this country. Narayana? S experiment is consistent with that of Anita Desai (1996: 222) wrote in his essay “???? A shelter in many colors ????-
Hindi texts were made in the study were in contrast to English, dry and pedantic, unimaginative, and unrelated to the simplicity of everyday life. They were also printed and published unattractive, a significant factor for a child at that age, the judges feel, touch and taste things.
It is thus clear that both Narayan and Anita Desai believes that the emergence of highly sophisticated books and impressive English is responsible for its popular appeal to the people of India.
Overall, Narayana? S position to meet the question of the English language is quite complex. , Seems to say who might have been better if Hindi had taken the place of English in India, but now it seems impossible to bring Hindi to the state of exaltation and, therefore, be prudent to accept the position of the English language. Again, when Narayan spoke in favor of English, does not mean that Kinga?? S English, but means the language that was painted with the Indian context and filled with the vocabulary of indigenous languages and dialects. In his trial? A literary ????, Alchemy Narayan (1988c: 197) explains his idea of Indian English, “he said, is the inevitable result of a natural process —
We encouraged the language for over a century and have the right to align with our own habits of thought and language. Americans have adapted the English language to fit his background and talking without any sense of apology, and got the opening and lack of ambiguity in the expression.
This, Narayan suggests that the Indians would violate the% 26 # 226;? Purist? design of the English language and insert some new phrases to accompany the Indian context. For Narayan, phrases such as% 26 # 226;? Please make the necessary?? and% 26 # 226;? And creditor? are very relevant to the Indian context. Although inappropriate by% 26 # 226;? Purist? Standard English, these expressions are a% 26 # 226;? masterpiece of economy and contribute to the English language?? (A?? A Literary Alchemy? 198). While Narayan is considering the use of English in India, which is at the same time, proposes to reconstruct the criteria of universal language. In other words, repealing and appropriation of the language.
Narayan (2001c: 480) seems to mock the idea of adhering to principles established by the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), which, in an essay? After Raja?? described as a cow? sacred to us in Indiae ????. He expresses the same attitude in his essay? English Indiae? which states that to make the most of English must reach the basic level in India. And this is not speaking standard English, but the Indian variety:% 26 # 226;?? The language should be taught more simply with a basic vocabulary, simplified spelling and explained and interpreted by the languages spoken in Indiae? (Narayan 2001c: 468).
% 26 # 226;? % 26 # 226;? VIA?? A??
Narayan shows his knowledge of complex issues concerning the status of English in colonial India. It recognizes the foreign language and its imperial connotations. However, it clearly describes how the English language has established a firm root in India and become an essential part of social reality. Therefore, Narayana? S is a little voice polyphonic.
This, Narayan seems to think it is impossible to eliminate the English language of social reality in India. And it suggests that the pragmatic acceptance of language as Indianized. Therefore, Narayana? S attitude toward the English language is formed by post-colonial reality and practical value. In short, as Iyengar (2000: 359) comments, Narayan —
% 26 # 226;? uses English as much as we used to wear dhoti Lancashire manufactured? , Pero los pensamientos y sentimientos, las agitaci% 26 # 243; n del alma, rebelde el movimiento de la conciencia, son todos de la tierra de Indiae ????.
Literature Cited
Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial literature. Terence Hawkes Ed London and New York: Routledge, 1989.
- – - Ed The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. London and New York: Routledge, 1995.
Boehmer, Elleker. Colonial and postcolonial literature. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Desai, Anita,% 26 # 226;? A coat in various colors. % 26 # 226;? South Asian English: Structure, use and users. Ed Robert J. Baumgardner. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996. 221-30.
Dharwadker, Aparna and Vinay Dharwadker,% 26 # 226;? Language, identity and nation in postcolonial India in English literature. % 26 # 226;? English post-colonial literatures in the world. Eds. Radhika Mohanram and Gita Rajan. Westport, Connecticut / London: Greenwood Press, 1996.
Gandhi, Leela. Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Hudson, R. Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Iyengar, K. R. Srinivasa. Indian writing in English. 5th ed. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Private Limited, 1985. Rpt. 2000.
Kachru, Braj B. % 26 # 226;? The alchemy of English. % 26 # 226;? The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. Eds. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin. London and New York: Routledge. 1995. 291-95.
Loomba, Ania. Colonialism and postcolonialism. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
Narayan, R. K. my life: A Memoir. 1974. Mysore: Indian Thought Publications, 1995.
- – -, A?? Fifteen years. % 26 # 226;? R. K. Narayan. A Writer? S Nightmare: Selected Essays 1958-1988. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1988a. 14-16.
- – -, A?? For an avid Hindi. % 26 # 226;? R. K. Narayan. A Writer? S Nightmare: Selected Essays 1958-1988. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1988. 26-28.
- – -, A?? A literary alchemy. % 26 # 226;? R. K. Narayan. A Writer? S Nightmare: Selected Essays 1958-1988. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1988c. 196-198.
- – - Swami and Friends. 1935. Rpt. the magic of Malgudi. Ed S. Krishnan. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000.
- – - Waiting for the Mahatma. 1955. Mysore: Indian Thought Publications, 2001.
- – -, A?? English Indiae ????. Writer's Life: not selected fiction by RK Narayan. Ed S. Krishnan. New Delhi: Viking, 2001b. 464-468.
- – -, A?? After the Raj. % 26 # 226;? Writer's Life: fiction not selected. Ed S. Krishnan. New Delhi: Viking, 2001c. 480-83.
Rao, Raja. Tell Kanthapura. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Sundaram, S. P. R. K. Narayan, a novelist. Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation, 1988.
Thiongo? Or, Ngugi Wa. % 26 # 226;? Deletion of the English department. % 26 # 226;? The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. Eds. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin. London and New York: Routledge. 1995. 438-442.
Viswanathan, Gauri. % 26 # 226;? The Beginnings of English Literary Study in British India. % 26 # 226;? The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. Eds. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin. London and New York: Routledge. 1995. 431-437.
Walder, Denis. % 26 # 226;? Post-colonial Theory. % 26 # 226;? A handbook for literary research. Eds. Simon Eliot and W. R. Owens. London: Routledge, 1998.
Walsh, WRK Narayan: a critical appraisal. London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1982.

Readers of The Law of Attraction, Plain and Simple can live the life of their dreams, their “greatest life,” by applying Sonia Ricotti's eleven simple steps to enjoy freedom and inner peace in every area of life.The Law of Attraction states that we attract into our lives what we project into the universe. Written in concise, plain English and filled with stories, tips, and exercises, this book helps readers shift their thoughts, language, and emotions to emit positive vibrations and a

Popular Science Magazine # # 1-12 January-Decembe 2009 (US), [all issue] English | ~ 104 pages | True PDF | 12 issues | 160.10 Mb (rar) Popular Science is an American monthly magazine founded in 1872 carrying articles for the general reader on science and technology subjects. Popular Science has won over 58 awards, including the ASME awards for its journalistic excellence in both 2003 (for General Excellence) and 2004 (for Best Magazine Section). PopSci has been translated into over 30 languages and goes out to at least 45 countries

Don't do it M, I said to myself. Don't you go on the web and shame yourself with your rookie english. Why not, if I really suck at it, I will just become more skillful with writting blogs and more experienced at Html, Word and some other programs for visual design of the blog site. Whell I didn't thought a lot of what will I be writting, maybe of my bad English, but for that I still must write something, so that then I can, or more suitable YOU readers can correct and scold me.
Maybe I will write about my country Slovenia and her beautis or about recepies from my homeland, or maybe I will
whine about my life. Maybe I will write my sporting program that I am stariting today. Yes, I'm starting to sport, but not for the first time, but I had, how would I call it, a little interferenc in my sporting spirit. Well, I hope that today this spirit
will be gone, gone with the wind. Well I think that's as far as it should go my first post.
I would be thankful for any of your comments, please be mearsfull.
See ya

O-o-o-o-oh
Can you hear me now?
Can you hear me now?
Can you hear me now?
Can you hear me now?
Yeeeh
Am I coming through?
Am I coming through?
Is this sweet and pure and true?
The Chemical Brothers
Today it will be short. Even it is too short. All the same. Here. Let's try.
At me always the heap any drizzle ideas arises. And here. Today one of them. Today I will write a post in English. That all drizzle, yes. After all now it is fashionable to write posts in English and all-such. After all all such drizzle in English. But. I that. Such as all? I will write simply a post in English? Will not wait. I will write a post in an usually way, in Russian. Then I will tyre out it entirely in the translator and I will translate into English. Abruptly, yes? To fans to solve rebuses and puzzles very much it will be pleasant. After all so it is interesting to learn, about what actually this text, yes? After all so? And me too. It would be necessary more soon. Ah yes. Translators after all have one foolish feature. All words which he does not know to leave without change. Therefore, today we have a magic word drizzle. Which I will insert instead of each not translated word. A tin. Yes? I too so think. So, we will begin.
I have thought and have solved one important thing. Very important thing. That probability that will understand this text and will read completely, is extremely small. I even would tell, is very small. Therefore I more than anything will not write. I think, will suffice from the reader and the preface. Here.
Well, I will write well still something. How speak at theatre “What to speak when there is nothing to speak?”. But I nevertheless will try. After all as you, the my dear reader, have understood, the given lines I write not to load with the information, and for that, my lovely friend that you absolutely have understood nothing and has thought that I very in a fantastic way write texts in English. That I also so can. Here. Well I will soon finish. I cannot write water so much. Or I can. Probably I can. I remember, when I have got, still the first, paper diary, I wrote there records, type, still half-pages and all. Still slightly. Here. That is, almost any valuable information. One water. As well as here. All right, I think while to be brief.
Ah, yes. If you think, what I read, what has turned out – you deeply are mistaken.
The end.